Determinism

Necessarily, processes are either deterministic or random. Stochastic models, for example for bioelectricity, can still be describing deterministic phenomena; similarly, deterministic models can be describing random phenomena. My suspicion is that randomness is only a matter of ontological horizon, and there are ultimately deterministic causes for everything. This is a religious belief, in effect. I have no answer as to if the ultimate nature of the universe is deterministic or random, and it is out of the scope of this discussion.

If there is in fact fundamental dualism in the universe that also allows for contrafactual free will, I suspect this may not be verifiable. Even in this situation, a mechanical description is apt barring truly demonstrably out-of-context action.

My point also stands with a usage in which something is "deterministic" if it is meaningfully modeled by an isomorphism, whether or not the nature of physics is in fact random. In the end, all experimental results are processed through consciousness and value hierarchies. "Close enough" or "sufficiently usable" is the ultimate standard, and this standard differs for the application and the applicant.